immunology
Stem Cells of the Eye
Stem Cells of the Eye Introduction Two prerequisites are essential for good vision. The first is a clear optical focusing system. The main components of this (the cornea, lens and intraocular fluids) are designed to bring vis…
immunology
Solute Transport
SOLUTE TRANSPORT Transport proteins in the cell membranes of the nephron mediate the reabsorption and secretion of solutes and water transport in the kidneys. Acquired defects in transport proteins are the cause of many ki…
fundamental principles
Mechanisms of Autoimmunity (1)
Mechanisms of Autoimmunity (1) Pathological Immune Mechanisms and Tolerance A. Induction of Autoimmune Response by Virally Induced T-Cell Activation Autoreactive T cells cannot be activated by t arg et cells in the abse…
fundamental principles
Difference between necrosis and apoptosis
Apoptosis Necrosis Introduction Apoptosis, or programmed cell death, is a form of cell death th…
ebola
How the human immune system protects against Ebola
How the human immune system protects against Ebola Two types of human antibodies that target different parts of the Ebola virus synergize their antiviral effects by inhibiting …
clinical immunology
Immunotherapeutic strategies (2)
Immunotherapeutic strategies (2) Tumor immunity A. Production of Engineered Tumor-specific TCRs Many tumors are extensively infiltrated by lymphocytes. Tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TIL) used to be removed from surgical spec…
clinical immunology
Immunotherapeutic strategies (1)
Immunotherapeutic strategies (1) tumor immunology A. Enhancement of Nonspecific Immunit y Around the end of the 19th century. the American surgeon William Coley began to inject cancer patients with tumor cell lysates t…
clinical immunology
Tumor escape mechanisms of tumor antigen
Tumor escape mechanisms of tumor antigen tumor immunity A. Tumor Antigens Ideally. a tumor antigen should be expressed only by tumor cells and not by normal cells in order to be recognized as foreign by the immune system. In re…
clinical immunology
Detection and identification of tumor antigen
detection and identification of tumor antigen tumor immunology The question of whether immunosurveillance against tumors truly exists is still unsolved. Bacteria and viruses. which…
cell cell interaction
Interaction between T-cell and antigen-presenting cell
Interaction between T-cell and antigen-presenting cell cell cell interaction stepS: . A. Molecules Involved in Interactions between T Cells and APCs Several adhesion and acces…
fundamental principles
The Phagocyte System
The Phagocyte System Monocytes and Dendritic Cells A. The Phagocyte System Granulocytes. monocytes, and dendritic cells (DCs) have phagocytic capabilities (from the Greek word phagein to eat). They all derive from bloo…